Translation Procedures

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Examples: Stock- Stok

Acting- Akting

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82) adopt one word .

Example: Photocopy- Fotokopi

Transportation- Transportasi

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).

Example: Diet- diet

Khitan -circumcision

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example: Belati-dagger

House- sarang

5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example: Keep something under wraps- Menyimpan rahasia seseorang

Jump the gun - memulai mengerjakan sesuatu sebelum menjadi keharusan.

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example: Mother = +Female - Parent

Sister= +Female- Sibling

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example: Small - Tiny

Drink - Beverage

              8.       Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example: Police academy- Akademi kepolisian

Cambridge dictionary-Kamus Cambridge

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example: Wow, you’re not alone again! “Now you have friend to spend your Saturday night.” (Kamu sekarang sudah punya pacar baru)

I need something to eat. ( Saya lapar)

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example: Take it easy- Tenang saja.

Are you going to have a sister? – Apakah kamu akan menjadi seorang kakak.

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example:    Great Britain - Britania Raya

Spain- Spanyol

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example: Twinkle- twinkle little stars- kelap-kelip bintang

A penny: Seperak

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example: Eremophobia - Takut sendirian atau ditinggal sendirian.

Astrologi- ilmu yang mempelajari tentang posisi bintang-bintang dan benda-benda luar angkasa

             14.    Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example: Film- Film (transference and naturalization)

Unit- Unit (transference and naturalization)

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example: Selamatan atau selametan - tradisi ritual yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Jawa.

Ogoh-ogoh-  karya seni patung dalam kebudayaan Bali yang menggambarkan kepribadian Bhuta Kala, tradisi ini dilakukan sebelum hari raya nyepi.