The
following are the different translation
procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:
- Transference:
it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named
"transcription."
Examples: Stock- Stok
Acting- Akting
- Naturalization:
it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the
normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82) adopt one word .
Example:
Photocopy- Fotokopi
Transportation- Transportasi
- Cultural equivalent:
it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however,
"they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:
Diet- diet
Khitan -circumcision
- Functional
equivalent: it requires the use of a
culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example:
Belati-dagger
House- sarang
- Descriptive
equivalent: in this procedure the
meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example: Keep something under wraps- Menyimpan
rahasia seseorang
Jump the gun
- memulai mengerjakan sesuatu sebelum menjadi keharusan.
- Componential
analysis: it means "comparing an SL
word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious
one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their
differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example:
Mother = +Female - Parent
Sister= +Female- Sibling
- Synonymy:
it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy.
(Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example:
Small - Tiny
Drink - Beverage
8.
Through-translation:
it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations
and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.
(Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example:
Police academy- Akademi kepolisian
Cambridge dictionary-Kamus Cambridge
- Shifts or
transpositions: it involves a change in the
grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural,
(ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in
the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun
group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)
Example:
Wow, you’re not alone again! “Now you have friend to spend your Saturday night.”
(Kamu sekarang sudah punya pacar baru)
I need something to eat. ( Saya
lapar)
- Modulation:
it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text
in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the
SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark,
1988b:88)
Example: Take it easy- Tenang saja.
Are you going to have a sister? – Apakah kamu akan menjadi
seorang kakak.
- Recognized
translation: it occurs when the translator
"normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of
any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
Example: Great Britain - Britania Raya
Spain- Spanyol
- Compensation:
it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in
another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
Example: Twinkle- twinkle little stars- kelap-kelip bintang
A penny: Seperak
- Paraphrase:
in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the
explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent.
(Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example:
Eremophobia
- Takut sendirian atau ditinggal sendirian.
Astrologi- ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang posisi bintang-bintang dan benda-benda luar angkasa
14.
Couplets:
it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark,
1988b:91)
Example: Film- Film (transference and naturalization)
Unit- Unit (transference and naturalization)
- Notes:
notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example: Selamatan atau selametan
-
tradisi ritual yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Jawa.
Ogoh-ogoh-
karya seni patung dalam kebudayaan Bali yang
menggambarkan kepribadian Bhuta Kala, tradisi ini dilakukan sebelum hari raya
nyepi.
